REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech is the way we represent the speech of other people by using our own language. Reported speech have two main types that is direct and indirect speech.

A.      Direct Speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.

Example:

(+) I like ice cream

B.      Indirect Speech

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words.

Example:

                (+) She says (that) she likes ice cream.

The way to change direct into indirect speech
 

When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense…

If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the direct speech does not undergo any changes in the indirect speech.

She says, ‘I have done my duty.’ (Direct speech)
She says that she has done her duty. (Indirect speech)

1.       Direct: He says to her, ‘I will wait for you at the railway station.’
Indirect: He tells her that he will wait for her at the railway station.

2.       Direct: He says, ‘I am not coming.’
Indirect: He says that he is not coming.

3.       Direct: She will say, ‘I don’t want to come.’
Indirect: She will say that she does not want to come.

4.       Direct: He will say, ‘I cannot wait any longer.’
Indirect: He will say that he cannot wait any longer.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense…

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, all present tenses inside the quotation marks will change to their corresponding past tenses.

The simple present tense will change into the simple past tense.
The present continuous tense will change into the past continuous tense.
The past continuous tense will change into the past perfect continuous tense.

The present perfect tense will change into the past perfect tense.
The present perfect continuous tense will change into the past perfect continuous tense.

Past perfect and Past perfect continuous do not change.

Statements :

Past from direct into indirect

1.       She said, "I taught online yesterday."

Into

2.       She said she had taught online yesterday.

Present from direct into indirect

1.       She said, "It's cold."

Into

2.       She said it was cold.

Question :

Yes or No question

1.       My friend says “are you coming with us ?”

into

2.       My friend asked if I was going with them.

Information question

1.       Where does peter live ?

Into

2.       She asked him where peter lived.

Conclusion :

                So we usually using direct speech when we talking face to face to someone and we usually using indirect speech when we forwarding some message from people to people, but we must pay attention to adverb of time and place when we using the indirect speech.

Exercise

               
1.  Who is sitting beside Tom?

a.      He asked me who was sitting beside Tom that time.

b.      He asked me was sitting beside Tom that time.

c.       He asked me who is sitting beside Tom.

d.      He asked me who is Tom sitting beside.

2.  Please wait for me at the bus stop.

a.      Endy told me to wating her at the bus stop.

b.      Endy told me waited for her at the bus stop that time.

c.       Endy told me waited for me at the bus stop that time.

d.      Endy told me waits for her at the bus stop that time.

3.  Window-shopping is my favorite hobby.

a.      Septi said that window-shopping is her favorite hobby.

b.      Septi said that if window-shopping was my favorite hobby.

c.       Septi said that window-shopping was my favorite hobby.

d.      Septi said that window-shopping was her favorite hobby.

4.  I ate some beef burgers yesterday.

a.      Jean said that she have eat some beef burgers the day before.

b.      Jean said that she has ate some beef burgers the day before.

c.       Jean said that she had been eaten some beef burgers the day before.

d.      Jean said that she had been eat some beef burgers yesterday.

5.  This is the bag which I bought yesterday.

a.      He said that was the bag which he had been bought the day before.

b.      He said that was the bag which I bought the day before.

c.       He said that the bag was which he had buy the day before.

d.      He said that was the bag which I had been bought the day before.

6.  Who is hiding under the bed?

a.      Mom wanted to know why was hiding under the bed.

b.      Mom said she was hiding under the bed.

c.       Mom wanted to hiding under the bed.

d.      Mom wanted to know who was hiding under the bed.

7.  Elisa had been living in Bangok before she moved to Jakarta.

a.      Firmansyah said that Elisa have live in Bangkok before she moved to Jakarta.

b.      Firmansyah said that Elisa had been living in Bangkok before she moved to Jakarta.

c.       Firmansyah said that Elisa is living in Bangkok before she moved to Jakarta.

d.      Firmansyah said that Elisa was in Bangkok before she move to Jakarta.

8.  I have been travelling around the world for over three years.

a.      Grandpa said he had been travelling around the world for over three years.

b.      Grandpa said he have been travel around the world for over three years.

c.       Grandpa said he was travel around the world for over three years.

d.      Grandpa said he is travelling around the world for over three years.

9.  When you pushed me, I was holding my phone.

a.      Keyza said when you push him, he was holding my phone.

b.      Keyza said when I push him, he was holding his phone.

c.       Keyza said when I pushed him, he was holding his phone.

d.      Keyza said when I pushed him, he is holding my phone.

10.  My name is Harry.

a.      He said his name is Harry.

b.      He said his name might Harry.

c.       He said his name will Harry.

d.      He said his name has Harry.

Key answer : abdcdbaca

Source :

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/direct-and-indirect-speech/
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html
http://strataway10.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/soal-latihan-dan-kunci-jawaban.html
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/question-forms-and-reported-speech/

Active and Passive Voice

According to readwritethink, Active Voice is a feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient and Passive Voice is a feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle.

So in the active voice the subject is something will do the action and the object is something that receives the action. In the passive voice is the opposite from active voice, the subject is receiving the action, and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.

 A.      Active Voice   

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples :

·         The professor teaches the students.

·         Gerard washes the dishes.

B.        Passive Voice

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples :

·         The students are taught by the professor

·         The dishes are washed by Gerard

C.      Active and Passive voice in tenses

Simple Present

Active   : David cleans the house

Passive : The house his cleaned by David

Simple Past

Active   : Dono repaired the car

Passive : The car was repaired by Dono

Present Continous

Active   : Bayu is writing the letter now

Passive : The letter is being written by Bayu now

Past Continous

Active   : He was driving a car

Passive : A car was being driven by him

Present Perfect

Active   : Many tourist have visited that castle

Passive : That castle has been visited by many tourist

Past Perfect

Active   : They had completed the assignment

Passive : The assignment had been completed by them

Modal Auxiliary

Present modal : must / might / could / may / can't , will/ won’t, should/ shouldn’t, can

Past modal          : must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle, will, should, could

• Present

Active   : Dono will cook that fish

Passive : That fish will be cooked by Dono

• Past

Active   : Mom should bring the umbrella because its getting dark

Passive : The umbrella should be brought by mom because its getting dark

Conclusion

                We choose the passive voice when the performer is unknown or when we want to focus on the action or the receipient from the action. We mostly used the active voice than the passive voice.

References

http://www.studyandexam.com/passive-voice-for-tense.html

http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson280/grammatically_definitions.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://www.grammarbank.com/passives-with-modals.html

http://www.biomedicaleditor.com/active-voice.html

Active and Passive Voice

According to readwritethink, Active Voice is a feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient and Passive Voice is a feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle.

So in the active voice the subject is something will do the action and the object is something that receives the action. In the passive voice is the opposite from active voice, the subject is receiving the action, and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.

 A.      Active Voice   

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples :

·         The professor teaches the students.

·         Gerard washes the dishes.

B.        Passive Voice

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples :

·         The students are taught by the professor

·         The dishes are washed by Gerard

C.      Active and Passive voice in tenses

Simple Present

Active   : David cleans the house

Passive : The house his cleaned by David

Simple Past

Active   : Dono repaired the car

Passive : The car was repaired by Dono

Present Continous

Active   : Bayu is writing the letter now

Passive : The letter is being written by Bayu now

Past Continous

Active   : He was driving a car

Passive : A car was being driven by him

Present Perfect

Active   : Many tourist have visited that castle

Passive : That castle has been visited by many tourist

Past Perfect

Active   : They had completed the assignment

Passive : The assignment had been completed by them

Modal Auxiliary

Present modal : must / might / could / may / can't , will/ won’t, should/ shouldn’t, can

Past modal          : must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle, will, should, could

• Present

Active   : Dono will cook that fish

Passive : That fish will be cooked by Dono

• Past

Active   : Mom should bring the umbrella because its getting dark

Passive : The umbrella should be brought by mom because its getting dark

Conclusion

                We choose the passive voice when the performer is unknown or when we want to focus on the action or the receipient from the action. We mostly used the active voice than the passive voice.

References

http://www.studyandexam.com/passive-voice-for-tense.html

http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson280/grammatically_definitions.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://www.grammarbank.com/passives-with-modals.html

http://www.biomedicaleditor.com/active-voice.html

Conditional Sentences

            Conditional sentences is a sentence that containing an expressions to describe the result of something that might happen in the present or future or might have happened but didn’t in the past. It can be contain a wishes, hopes, plans or something unreal and impossible.  

              
            According to ego4u  website Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

             
          According to estrellamountain website Conditional sentences have two clauses:  a condition (if...) and a result.  The verb tenses used in each clause depends on whether the speaker thinks the result is probable (real) or only exists in the imagination (unreal).

Conditional Sentences with If  clauses

Zero Conditional

A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause. We use the simple present verb form in each part of a zero conditional.

If + subject + simple present verb, subject + simple present verb

Example:

1.       If it rains, the grass gets wet.

2.       If you heat ice, it melts.

3.       If you mix yellow and red, you get orange.

First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause.

If + present simple, … will + infinitive

Example :

1.       If it rains, I won’t go to the park.

2.       If I have enough money, I’ll buy some new clothes.

3.       If I see him, I’ll tell him.

Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive. It used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

If + past simple, … would + infinitive

Example :

1.       If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

2.       If I met Arsene Wenger, I would say hello.

3.       If I had her number, I would call her.

Third Conditional

Third conditional will refers sentences to the past. We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence.

If + past perfect, … would + have + past participle

Example :

1.       If he hadn’t eaten so much, he wouldn’t felt sick.

2.       If he had studied, he would have passed the exam test.

3.       If she had gone to bed earlier, she wouldn’t have been tired.

Conditional Sentences using a subjunctive “wish”

According to Learning American and English website conditional sentences those that use "wish" is to express something isn't true now, or it wasn't true in the past.

Examples :

I wish I had more money.

(This describes a present situation. In fact, I don't have more money.)

She wishes he would talk to her more often.

(This also describe a present situation. Notice that the modal verb "would" is used here. "Would" and "could" are frequently used in these kinds of sentences.)

They wish they hadn't bought that house.

(This describes a past situation that can't be changed. They regret their decision, but you can't change the past. Notice the use of the past perfect after "wish.")

The differences between conditional if and wish

The difference between condition if and wish is conditional with –if can still be happened in the real world, but conditional with –wish is certainly impossible to happen or did not happen.

               

Refferences :

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/O15%20Using%20Wish.html

http://www.theenglishisland.com/conditional-sentences-part-two-and-wishes/

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/stonebrink/ESL040/4_types_of_conditionals.htm

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences is a sentence that containing an expressions to describe the result of something that might happen in the present or future or might have happened but didn’t in the past. It can be contain a wishes, hopes, plans or something unreal and impossible.  

             According to ego4u  website Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

           According to estrellamountain website Conditional sentences have two clauses:  a condition (if...) and a result.  The verb tenses used in each clause depends on whether the speaker thinks the result is probable (real) or only exists in the imagination (unreal).

Conditional Sentences with If  clauses

Zero Conditional

A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause. We use the simple present verb form in each part of a zero conditional.

If + subject + simple present verb, subject + simple present verb

Example:

1.       If it rains, the grass gets wet.
2.       If you heat ice, it melts.
3.       If you mix yellow and red, you get orange.

First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause.

If + present simple, … will + infinitive

Example :

1.       If it rains, I won’t go to the park.

2.       If I have enough money, I’ll buy some new clothes.

3.       If I see him, I’ll tell him.

Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive. It used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

If + past simple, … would + infinitive

Example :

1.       If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

2.       If I met Arsene Wenger, I would say hello.

3.       If I had her number, I would call her.

Third Conditional

Third conditional will refers sentences to the past. We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence.

If + past perfect, … would + have + past participle

Example :

1.       If he hadn’t eaten so much, he wouldn’t felt sick.

2.       If he had studied, he would have passed the exam test.

3.       If she had gone to bed earlier, she wouldn’t have been tired.

Conditional Sentences using a subjunctive “wish”

According to Learning American and English website conditional sentences those that use "wish" is to express something isn't true now, or it wasn't true in the past.

Examples :

I wish I had more money.

(This describes a present situation. In fact, I don't have more money.)

She wishes he would talk to her more often.

(This also describe a present situation. Notice that the modal verb "would" is used here. "Would" and "could" are frequently used in these kinds of sentences.)

They wish they hadn't bought that house.

(This describes a past situation that can't be changed. They regret their decision, but you can't change the past. Notice the use of the past perfect after "wish.")

The differences between conditional if and wish

The difference between condition if and wish is conditional with –if can still be happened in the real world, but conditional with –wish is certainly impossible to happen or did not happen.

               

Refferences :

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/O15%20Using%20Wish.html

http://www.theenglishisland.com/conditional-sentences-part-two-and-wishes/

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/stonebrink/ESL040/4_types_of_conditionals.htm

Tugas Kelompok : Presentasi

A.  Definisi Presentasi

Presentasi adalah suatu kegiatan berbicara di hadapan banyak hadirin atau salah satu bentuk komunikasi.
Presentasi juga bias diartikan sebagai kegiatan atau proses menyampaikan informasi kepada pendengar dengan maksud ingin memperkenalkan suatu produk maupun program kegiatan.
 
Menurut KBBI Presentasi di definisikan :
pre·sen·ta·si /préséntasi/ n 1 pemberian (tt hadiah); 2 pengucapan pidato (pd penerimaan suatu jabatan); 3 perkenalan (tt seseorang kpd seseorang, biasanya kedudukannya lebih tinggi); 4 penyajian atau pertunjukan (tt sandiwara, film, dsb) kpd orang-orang yg diundang; mem·pre·sen·ta·si·kan v menyajikan; mengemukakan (dl diskusi dsb).

B.Persiapan sebelum dan sesudah presentasi :

Sebelum presentasi :
Menentukan tujuan presentasi
Mengenali tipe audiens dan perkirakan apa yang sudah mereka ketahui atau belum
Menentukan dan menyusun topik pembicaraan
Menyiapkan materi atau bahan presentasi  dengan terurut untuk mencapai tujuan kita
Mempersiapkan bahan bahan pendukung presentasi seperti audio visual dll.
Latihan presentasi, jangan lupa ukur waktunya.
Analisis ruangan atau lokasi tempat presentasi.
Latihan presentasi didepan cermin
Dari latihan tersebut evaluasi apa yang kurang.
Sebelum presentasi dimulai, ada sebaiknya untuk berdoa dan yang paling penting tampil dengan percaya diri.

 Sesudah Presentasi :

1.    1.  Persiapkan penutup presentasi dengan kesimpulan dari keseluruhan isi presentasi. Penutup presentasi sama pentingnya dengan pembukaan Jika pembukaan berfungsi untuk menciptakan motivasi mendengarkan isi presentasi, maka penutupan berperan untuk membuat audiens ingat pesan utama presentasi. Mereka akan terus mengingat dan melaksanakannya setelah presentasi selesai. Kesimpulan dapat berupa :

·         Rangkum apa yang sudah Kita jelaskan.
·         Ringkas dalam satu kalimat penting.
·         Buat audiens selalu ingat untuk bertindak.

2.    2.  Tidak menutup presentasi dengan meminta maaf.

3     3. Tidak menggunakan kalimat penutup dengan terlalu panjang.

4.    4. Mengajak audiens untuk bertindak adalah satu cara yang paling persuasif di akhir presentasi untuk mempengaruhi audiens.Kita harus tahu audiens yang datang dalam presentasi telang meluangkan waktu mereka untuk mendengarkan kita. Mereka datang karena ingin meningkatkan pengetahuan mereka, meningkatkan keterampilan mereka, mendapatkan solusi terbaik untuk kehidupan mereka.Jadi, pastikan Kita memberitahu mereka apa yang harus dilakukan dan bagaimana menggunakan informasi yang mereka peroleh dari presentasi Kita.

5.    5. Menyampaikan Pernyataan Inspiratif.


C. Alat Bantu Presentasi dan Manfaatnya


1.      Laptop dan proyektor.

Dalam sebuah presentasi laptop atau proyektor cukup penting untuk menunjang sebuah presentasi, Hal itu tidak lepas dari fungsi keduanya yang sangat mendukung pelaksanaan dan keberhasilan sebuah presentasi.  Kedua fungsi tersebut adalah menyampaikan materi presentasi. Manfaat menggunakan alat ini memudahkan seorang pemberi materi pada audiens dengan menampilkan slide-slide yang menarik dan atau berisi penjelasan materi.

2.       Alat Peraga
Alat peraga juga sangat penting untuk mendukung presentasi khususnya presentasi tentang produk tertentu. Manfaat alat peraga pada presentasi adalah presentasi kita akan lebih menarik dan akan lebih mendukung kepentingan pemasaran produk Kita.

3.       Sound System
Peralatan berupa pengeras suara (sound system) juga sangat penting. Tata suara yang baik akan membuat audien betah mengikuti presentasi. Tanpa pengeras suara, sebuah presentasi yang diikuti banyak audien dalam sebuah ruangan yang cukup besar tidak akan bisa berlangsung karena tidak semua audien mendengar apa yang kita sampaikan.

4.       Lampu
Lampu atau sumber cahaya juga sangat penting. Tanpa sumber cahaya yang cukup, presentasi dipastikan tidak akan berlangsung secara baik dalam waktu yang lama. Tanpa penerangan yang cukup, audien cenderung akan mudah mengantuk dan tidak konsentrasi.
.

D.Pentingnya menganalisis Audience ketika presentasi..

Mengenal audiens adalah salah fondasi utama yang akan menjadi penentu dari kesuksesan presentasi. Beberapa aspek dalam menganalisis audiens

1. Aspek Demografis
Tujuan dari analisis aspek demografis adalah untuk mengetahui siapa yang Kita ajak bicara. Berikut adalah beberapa hal yang perlu Kita analisis dari aspek demografis.
    Apa latar belakang pekerjaan mereka?
    Apa latar belakang pendidikan mereka?
    Apa posisi mereka dalam organisasi?
    Apa latar belakang agama, ras, suku dan budaya mereka?

2. Aspek Psikologis

Tujuan dari analisis aspek psikologis adalah untuk mengetahui apa yang dipahami dan yakini oleh audiens sebelum mengikuti presentasi.  Berikut adalah beberapa hal yang perlu Kita analisis dari aspek psikologis.

    Apa masalah mereka
    Apa yang ingin mereka dengar?
    Sejauh mana tingkat pengetahuan mereka terhadap topik yang akan disampaikan
    Mengapa mereka perlu mendengarkan topik yang akan disampaikan

3. Aspek Kontekstual

Tujuan dari analisis kontekstual adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana situasi yang Kita hadapi. Berikut adalah beberapa hal yang perlu Kita analisis dari aspek kontekstual.

    Apakah mereka hadir sukarela atau karena kewajiban ?
    Dimana presentasi dilakukan?
    Bagaimana kondisi ruangan dan peralatan yang akan digunakan?
    Berapa lama waktu yang diberikan?

Itulah tiga aspek penting yang harus Kita ketahui dari audiens.

Cara Melakukan Analisis


Terkait dengan analisis ini, ada empat strategi yang bisa Kita kembangkan.

Melakukan analisis pribadi
Kita dapat memulainya dengan melihat dalam kegiatan apa Kita melakukan presentasi. Karena biasanya orang-orang yang hadir adalah orang-orang yang ada keterkaitan dengan kegiatan tersebut.

Jika dalam analisis ini muncul kesenjangan, artinya ada beberapa hal yang belumk ita ketahui. Ini dapat menjadi target sisa kegiatan analisis audiens Kita. Jadi kegiatan analisis kita akan jauh lebih efektif dan efisien.

Wawancara dengan panitia penyelenggara

Wawancara dengan panitia penyelenggara dapat Kita lakukan apabila Kita menjadi presenter yang diundang untuk berbicara dalam sebuah kegiatan. Misalnya kegiatan seminar, pelatihan, kuliah umum atau yang lain. Untuk melaksanakan wawancara Kita bisa membuat janji untuk bertemu dengan panitia, jika mungkin. Atau bisa juga menghubungi mereka menggunakan kontak telefon

Lakukan pengamatan selama presentasi

Strategi ini dapat Kita lakukan selama proses presentasi berlangsung. Ini memang tidak akan merubah apapun dari presentasi Kita, namun ini akan membantu Kita untuk presentasi berikutnya.

E.Pentingnya Presentasi  Bisnis bagi Seorang Pemimpin Organisasi

Presentasi  adalah tahap awal dalam pergerakan organisasi. Seorang Pemimpin perusahaan harus mempunyai kecakapan dalam presentasi. Dengan begitu, visi dan misi sebuah organisasi dapat dicapai dengan tujuan yang telah ditentukan. Pemimpin sebagai penggerak para anggota-anggotanya mampu mempengaruhi individu lain, ataupun masyarakat pada umumnya.

http://sumairoh195.blogspot.co.id/2016/04/tugas-kelompok-5-komunikasi-bisnis.html

http://resturamadhandream.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/pentingnya-komunikasi-dalam-sebuah.html
http://www.ronapresentasi.com/mengenali-audiens-presentasi/

http://belajar-presentasi.blogspot.co.id/2011/08/teknik-presentasi-teknik-presentasi.html

http://www.ronapresentasi.com/menutup-presentasi-yang-baik-dan-berkesan/ http://www.presentasi.net/menutup-presentasi-dengan-baik-sekaligus-meyakinkan/
http://cimmey-mdz.blogspot.co.id/2014/01/pengertian-presentasi.html
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentas